Jane Eyre Chapter 26 Essay Essay Example

Jane Eyre: Chapter 26 Essay Paper In this essay, I will be focusing on Chapter 26 to discuss the elements Bronte uses such as building up tension throughout the wedding until the discovery of Bertha. Secondly, I will be analysing the context of the novel, discussing the writing techniques Bronte uses to create an appealing novel for a 19th century audience. From the beginning of the novel, we are invited to share Janes thoughts and feeling through the use of 1st person narrative. This allows us to share her fears and excitement. The gothic elements in the novel such as the demonic laugh create a sense of dread. This is heightened by the pathetic fallacy of the great horse-chestnut at the bottom of the orchard had been struck by lightning in the night, and half of it split away that symbolizes the happy union of Jane and Rochester and that is split in two. Therefore at the beginning of chapter 26 we are already afraid that something is going to ruin the marriage. At the start of chapter 26, Bronte presents Janes and Mr. Rochesters wedding as unconventional. She does this initially by creating the sense of speed that Rochester imposes on Jane. The writer uses words such as hurried tarry and hastened which creates suspicion as to the cause. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre: Chapter 26 Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre: Chapter 26 Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre: Chapter 26 Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is in contrast to the expectations of a conventional wedding where the couples take time planning their big day. Then, Bronte continues to develop that apprehension by describing Jane, the heroine and narrator of the novel. She describes Janes reflection while wearing her wedding dress as the image of a stranger allowing Bronte to indicate that the marriage and her role in it are somehow unnatural and wrong. This is emphasised also by the repetition that invites contrast with a normal wedding there were no groomsmen, bridesmaids, no relatives to wait for or marshal: none but Mr. Rochester and I Bronte continues to challenge the stereotype of a conventional wedding by describing the setting outside the church. In the quote a ruddy morning sky she uses Pathetic Fallacy to describe Janes deep emotional and spiritual connotations of the colour red creates not only a scene of a beautiful sunrise but also of passion and danger. Also, Bronte adds a rook wheeling around the steeple to emphasise that the wedding wont go as planned because rooks are considered as bad omens. As readers, we notice Brontes frequent use of bad omens to give the impression of terrible events that will happen as the novel progresses and these all add to the gothic feel of the novel. As the ceremony begins Bronte has deliberately not given the rest of the vows and allows the clergyman to take a step further forward before he went on, which indicates the importance of the next event. He continues to say that if either of you know any impediment Given the haste and unnatural quality of the events the reader is already tense when a distinct and voice said- I declare the existence of an impediment provides the clear answer to the readers speculations making this a successful climax to the tension built during the long pause where after that sentence it was never broken by a reply; not, even in a hundred years. Subsequently, Rochester is presented as weak against Gods law. In the quote, Mr. Rochester moved slightly as if an earthquake had rolled under his feet the use of metaphor to express Rochester reaction to the earthquake as he moved slightly shows Rochesters attempt at control. However, his hopes and plans have been destroyed by those few words symbolized in the presence of an earthquake. To call attention to his power, Rochester uses the imperative Proceed to continue the failed wedding hoping the clergyman would follow his order. After the ceremony is suspended, Bronte turns Rochester from a bridegroom into a colourless rock. She describes his eye using imagery of fire as both spark and flint to illustrate Rochesters emotions. In contrast to Rochesters inner emotions, Bronte uses a simile to compare Rochester externally as a quarried marble. He is emotionless, strong and cold from the outside, but inside his world is of fire which symbolizes his passion and rage as a threat. This is further emphasized as Bronte uses the repetition of the word without and the alliterative in the quote without speaking, without smiling, without seeming heightens Rochesters lack of any signs of warmth towards Jane at a time when she needs comforting making this line effective. However, Rochesters body language contrasts with his emotions indicated by his hot and strong grasp. This suggests the heat of the fire has penetrated through the deep icy walls of his rock-like body and further suggests his difficulty in keeping in control. But, the verb riveted stresses his determination to keep his possession of Jane when he is likely to lose her. But, he also denies almost her rights as an individual treating her as an object. Jane does not utter a word throughout the short ceremony as she is calm and collected and in no danger of swooning. which further emphasise Janes courage in adversity contrasting with the stereotypes of the fragile Victorian Lady. Bronte emphasises Janes strength again when the wedding party moves to the attic where we meet Bertha, the first Mrs Rochester or the madwoman in the attic is an intriguing subject. She is an elusive figure who never speaks and is only seen twice throughout the novel; yet she dominates it. Her presence is felt effectively from the moment Jane enters Thornfield: It was a curious laugh; distinct, formal, mirthless. Her actions convey her violent behaviour such as attacking Rochester twice and her brother. She also tears Janes wedding veil the night and her final act is burning down Thornfield Hall. Berthas actions do seem to convey that she is aware of what is going on at Thornfield, which makes us wonder what kind of insanity she is suffering from. There is an implicit jealousy of Jane in her actions, or at least her position as a recipient of Rochesters love. She manifests great anger towards her husband because he has kept her shut away for so long. The description of Bertha where we witness her for the first time is from Janes point of view and seen terrified of her describing her as a strange wild animal with grizzled hair, wild as mane and she stands on all fours suggesting animal-like behaviour that provokes to the reader to see Bertha as a threat and an obstacle to Janes and Rochesters happiness rather than a real woman. While we may feel some pity for Bertha, the reader feels horror that Rochester is not allowed to find any happiness with a loving woman. Bronte uses images of madness to describe Bertha, such as a figure ran backwards and forwards to give the audience the impression of Rochesters bitterness and resentment of Bertha. Bertha Mason is on first impression opposite of both Jane and the stereotypes of a Victorian woman. Although there are differences, when looking deeper Jane has some similarities with Bertha concerning both their past. Both were locked up previously for being awkward or insane and both were treated as outcasts by society for not conforming. However, there are some aspects of racial prejudice towards Bertha even when Rochester talks of how beautiful she was a young girl. Since she is from the West Indies which was once a British colony could imply that Britain feared and psychologically locked away the other cultures it encountered. Others could argue that Bertha symbolizes the trapped Victorian wife, who is expected never to work outside the house as women had inferior status to men. Furthermore, Berthas insanity could serve as warning for Janes future if she was to marry Rochester. At the end of Chapter 26, the reader sympathizes more intensely for Jane. She is saddened and confused about what actions should she take or angry for being rushed and dragged into a wedding where if she had taken time and thought it would have resulted in a happy ending. Bronte once more uses Pathetic Fallacy to show Janes cold and disheartened mood in the quotes, hayfield and cornfield lay a frozen shroud although its June. Here Bronte uses icy imagery which is in contrast to the fire imagery used to describe Rochesters emotions. The world around her has symbolically become icy, frozen and cold to sympathize with Janes dead hopes and therefore she returns to God for comfort. This makes the next part of the novel inevitable, and also explains the moral purposes of Bronte, and the need for Rochester to suffer. This novel is often interpreted as a political book because it explores the idea of woman [Jane] alone, in charge of her own life and decisions. Jane could easily be described as a feminist. She rejects the man she loves until such time as she can be his equal. She would rather be alone and independent than with Rochester on his terms. To conclude, I think that Jane Eyre is an interesting book that will appeal to readers both now and in the 19th century as some of the injustices are still occurring today. Bronte used many techniques in this book to build up tension throughout the ceremony. For example, she uses the method of Pathetic Fallacy as well as many symbols of bad omens to create suspense. She also uses aspects from the history of her time like class boundaries, equality very effectively to make the reader aware of the hardships of being a woman in a patriarchal society. Another way in which Bronte creates tension is by using the shifts in power between Jane and Rochester making this chapter an effective climax to the novel.

Write for Any Magazine

Write for Any Magazine Write-what-you-know has its purpose. Why bother gaining experience or studying anything new if you cant use it? Why become an expert? As a freelancer, if you limit your writing to only what you know, you become stale after a period of time. I profess that you can write about for almost any magazine. Here are three tricks to picking up a magazine and determining a pitch for the editor: 1) Interview an expert in a magazines field. You may not know squat about the subject matter of a magazine, but if you interview someone who does, you have the makings of a great profile piece. Sure, you need to read up on the individual so you dont sound completely naive, but youll learn soon enough that most experts thrive on explaining what they do. Ask a few pertinent, intelligent questions, and theyll take off like a rocket, feeding you all the information you need for a beautiful piece for magazines you never thought youd ever qualify to write for. 2) Study press releases. That means study ALL press releases. Go to prweb.com/ or prnewswire.com/ and read whats new. Not only will you find experts quoted who you can contact for item 1) above, but you can learn about new findings, studies, revelations, inventions, and happenings that make for great features. Whats fantastic about these releases is that they list names and contact information for the people who know the most about the topic matter. Right there in oneplace, you have the facts you need to outline a great feature. 3) Pitch something evergreen. A subject like How to make the most of a conference can apply to magazines for fishermen, golfers, doctors, teachers, writers, accountants, landscapers, or anyone who attends a professional conference. How to hire a great employee from a mediocre pool of applicants. How to make your website sticky and appealing.   How New Years resolutions really do work. Travel deals you never see in the ads. The list goes on and on about how to take a very general, how-to-live-better piece and apply it to most topics. So, take those three simple concepts, and unless the magazines require you have an advanced degree in the subject matter, you have an open door to endless material for all those magazines you see in Writers Market . . . and FundsforWriters.

Quotes From John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men

Quotes From John Steinbeck's 'Of Mice and Men' Of Mice and Men is a novel by John Steinbeck. This tragedy was first published in 1937. The story is told from the third-person omniscient point-of-view. Of Mice and Men follows the misadventures of Lennie and George, two ranch hands in California. Here are a few quotes from Of Mice and Men. Quotes A few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and green. The water is warm too, for it has slipped twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight before reaching the narrow pool.- John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, Ch. 1Evening of a hot day started the little wind to moving among the leaves. The shade climbed up the hills toward the top. On the sand banks, the rabbits sat as quietly as little gray, sculptured stones.- John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, Ch. 1Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They dont belong no place... With us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We dont have to sit in no bar room blowin in our jack jus because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.- (George) John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, Ch. 1Whatever we aint got, thats what you want. God amighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job an work, an no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want.- (George) John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, Ch. 1

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

E-commerce - Essay Example It is also based on the premise that competition is relentless and people are the most important raw materials (Morrison Institute). Today the internet is aggressively used as a channel for businesses both new and established ones; through entrepreneurial start-ups and corporate ventures. E-commerce firms are defined as those that derive a significant or rapidly growing proportion of their revenues from transactions over the internet but organizational and market phenomena have been just as influential as technology developments in the growth of e-commerce (Stace, Holtham & Courtney, 2001). Internet exchanges are beneficial not just for the customers or end users but it helps businesses to exchange and grow together. It is a platform to transact business, known as business-to-business (B2B), business-to-customer (B2C) and customer-to-customer (C2C) and has definite advantages over the traditional way of transacting business (Amit & Zott, 2000). Many firms have failed to harness the benefits of online business even though the retail segment has picked up rapidly in the last few years. The debate continues whether ecommerce complements fixed store retailing or replaces existing channels, namely the clicks and bricks channels. E-retailing has been constantly undergoing a process of innovation which has caused a threat to the established retail and distribution channels. This new form of commerce is laden with information and enables companies to speed up activities and increase their scope. The external and internal factors influence the firm’s behavior and companies can differentially obtain advantage depending upon their ability to conduct business (Burt & Sparks, 2003). A failure to operate would allow competitors to surge ahead. E-commerce can help to transform the traditional tasks and activities and the associated costs within the retain channel. The activities that are affected are the sourcing of products, stoc kholding, inventory

Law Assignments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law Assignments - Research Paper Example This form of contract falls under the idea of Statute of Fraud as one of the parties has failed to complete assigned task on the basis of the agreement. Parol Evidence Doctrine: The Parol Evidence policy is a rule under contract law which binds/ restricts the court from admitting evidences from the parties involved in the contract, prior to the conduct of oral or written agreements. It is worth mentioning that determination of parol evidence is dependent on the basis of the final look of agreement that is done mutually by both the parties (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt 1-1250). Example: X and Y have mutually agreed to start a firm with equal capital and the share of profit was to be done equally. But on the day of sharing, it was found that though both the parties had invested equal amount of capital, but the profit was not distributed equally. This form of contract generally falls under the guidance of parol evidence doctrine. The contract can fall under the collateral contra ct as both the parties can be benefited. QUESTION 2 An assignment contract is a form of contract which provides an authority to give or transfer its rights to another/third party. It is generally viewed to be a transfer of a party’s benefit to a third party in terms of fully issuing authority rather than including the name of the party in a contract (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt 1-1250). Example of Assignment Contract: Suppose Sam has entered into contract with James to clean his lawn and all the waste from his backyard for US$ 300. It was seen that Sam later assigns the benefit arising from the contract (i.e. US$ 300) to Daniel, though his name was not mentioned in the contract. In this example, Sam is the assignor, Daniel is the assignee and James is the delegator. A delegation contract is a form of contract where the delegator has a right to transfer or transmit his duty to a delegate. Example of assignment contract: Suppose Rose had assign her right to Mary to col lect $US 1000 from one of her customer for the purchased made by the customer. In this case, Rose is the delegator, Mary is the delegate and the customer is the obligee. A third-party beneficiary mode of contract is regarded as a contract wherein a person who is neither a promisee nor a promisor is benefited by the performance of the contract. Example of assignment contract: Suppose Smith has applied for insurance with a company and has mentioned Mrs. Smith names as the nominee or the person whom the company would be liable to pay the amount after his death. In this scenario, the company is the promisor (as it promises to pay Mrs. Smith the required amount on her husband’s death), Mr. Smith is the promise and Mrs. Smith is the third party (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt 1-1250). QUESTION 3 Jude had entered into a contract with Edward to sell a bicycle which would have electrical braking and a light that would occur while cycling the paddles. Later, it was found that the specification of the electrical lighting method in the bicycle was not working resulting in default of 25% of the total amount mentioned in the contract. Edward also sued Jude for breach of contract as the specification was not complied with the requirements. In this similar concern, it can be stated that if the party sues for breach of contract and the defense of failure of conditions is asserted, certain theories are available that the plaintiff could assert resulting the court to

Building Maintenance Review for University

Building Maintenance Review for University Strategy As Plymouth University strives to distinguish its legacy through excellence in facility offerings, the maintenance of such structures becomes an essential part of the strategy. Refurbishment has already been undertaken across the campus in the past five years, as major additions and facelifts have offered dimension and expanded capabilities for an expanding student and faculty body. Ultimately in the preservation of this legacy, a proactive revision to campus maintenance is needed, one which will ensure that the lifecycle costs of the multiple structures are limited and appropriate. Reactionary maintenance programmes dramatically detract from such principles; therefore, by following the programmed outlined herein, officials will effectively navigate the broad spectrum of repair and maintenance projects which will develop in the coming decades. Exemplary of campus revisions in the past several years, perhaps the most noticeable addition has been that of the Roland Levinsky building. A remarkable new structure boasting 12,711m2 of spatial area and housing an expanded Faculty of the Arts, this building is representative of all that the university plans for the future of the campus faà §ade and its legacy. These developments include meritorious architecture, active facility management, and long term preservation techniques as structural retention among both new and historic participants becomes an essential part of the long term process. Supplemental rehabilitations and expansions have included the Rolle Building development and the Nacy Astor building programme. A combined total area of over 11,000 m2, these two structures represent a campus evolution which retains history while at the same time, boasts a progressive vision. Incorporating new student housing and offers substantial revisions to common areas, sports facilities, and office space, the maintenance of such facilities will become a pivotal role in the university reputation for quality and consistency. To define appropriate and effective maintenance strategies, it become essential to identify the structural frailties which will be encountered over the coming years. A case study conducted of homes in the Midlands area determined that the predominant cause of structural deterioration is underground movement and shifting, while material defects and superstructure decay fill in the remaining sources.[1] Recognising that such variables are essential to maintenance of a building’s lifecycle directs the maintenance programme towards structural components, specifically those of the super and substructures and their material integrity. In considering that maintaining only such areas would not fully integrate the much broader aesthetic and range of functional components within university buildings, there are other factors which must be considered as well. Similar surveys and studies have identified inadequacy defects within the structure itself which stem from roofing failure (42.9%), walls and column deficiencies (21.2%), lintel failure (18.5), and beam and joist overloading (17.5%).[2] These components broaden the scope of maintenance operations; however, recognition of their frailties and the potential for system-wide failure given component collapse enables maintenance crews to seriously consider structural deviance and proactively reform and refurbish according to the prescribed strategy. Determining which areas will offer the greatest challenge and thereby warrant the most attention becomes a more difficult task. Material defects are also of considerable concern when designing a maintenance programme, as deterioration stemming from biological, chemical, and physical attack can substantially reduce the longevity of a structure and dramatically increase long term maintenance costs.[3] Understanding that while new structures may incorporate the most advanced materials and construction techniques, recognition of material failure, could highlight additional system deviance such as elemental concerns that undermine functional operation of the building. Similarly, within historic campus structures, the potential for material deterioration is substantially higher, detracting from longevity and reducing functionality without proactive initiatives. Perhaps the most substantial concern given the prevalence of inclement weather, identifying key seepage points and wet areas will assist maintenance crews in stopping problems before they increase in both cost and severity. The maintenance cost of wet areas within a building’s substructure can extract between 35 and 50% of a building’s annual maintenance cost, in spite of their limited area occupation (10% in most cases).[4] Within the structural elements which are contained in wet areas, studies have demonstrated that there are three main causes of system failure, highlighting water leakages, corrosion of pipes, and the spalling of concrete as substantial modes of foundation decay.[5] From this perspective, regular maintenance and constant evaluation of wet area structures will also be an essential part of the maintenance programme. The team involved in such initiatives must be one of substantial talent, including abilities directly related to those concerns which will most occupy their time, including routine building maintenance, minor construction, repair, and general upkeep. An in-house team whose number is dictated by the scope of the short term maintenance programme should be able to assume the role of daily operator in terms of duties such as light bulb replacement, leak management in pipe couplings, plumbing blockage, door hinge failure, minor boiler issues, tap washer changes, sign erection, and a host of other duties. Along these lines, internal team members must be coached in awareness faculties, ensuring that they can recognise and act when presented with system frailties or structural deviance. Such identification should include slipped tiling, dampness and wet areas, unnatural ageing, rot or mould, cracking, discolouration, and many other signs that the integrity of each building is being negativel y affected by some element. These in house participants should also be versed in decoration and design principles, enabling their participation in an ongoing aesthetic awareness programme where they adjust and alter the decorum to suit university objectives. In spite of the high costs associated with emergency repairs, the best maintenance programme cannot prevent their incidence; therefore maintenance contracts must be designed to ensure cost effectiveness while at the same time encourage a rapid response time. Such partnerships should entail a specific cost basis dependent on the required task, and revolve around a long term relationship in which the maintenance contractors become familiar with the university. A twenty-four hour guideline should be in place for response rates; however, given a major system failure such as a boiler break or plumbing backup, emergency teams must be immediately available. The maintenance programme will entail a rotation of short, medium, and long term tasks, each assigned to either an in-house participant or contracted to an external maintenance team. As these responsibilities happen at regular intervals, long term contracts can remain in place on a specific rotation to ensure that participants are acting proactively and in accordance with the programme needs, not reaction based hiring. Teams should be qualified according to skill set and appropriateness for the stage of the maintenance programme, ensuring that contractor responsibilities do not exceed their scope of normal operation. As structural and systematic problems are identified during the regular review periods and daily operations, maintenance teams must recognise the severity of the damage or wear on the structure and inform a supervisory team of their findings. From this control position, the team will either instruct on internal repair or will hire out the duty to an outside firm. Managin g costs through the maintenance chain will ensure that the university meets their long term cost objectives and yet remains active in the scope of their building maintenance. Maintenance Policy Review To develop an effective maintenance programme, the university must adopt a perspective of preventative maintenance, one which while often perceived as costly in the short term, will dramatically reduce the systematic failure in the long term. Holmes and Droop (1982) recognised that periodic maintenance is most often directed according to budget instead of aligning with the needs of the building in question.[6] As university expenditure expectations are oftentimes maligned with real working scenarios, the determination of a predictive budget and maintenance policy will enable referral and discussion to be directed towards a proactive scenario. The reality is that instead of developing a systematic maintenance framework, decision makers will often choose to weigh budgeting concerns against the severity of the needed service prior to attempting any form of work.[7] Maintenance of a university campus is not about severity or reactionist tendencies. Instead, the maintenance of school faci lities must be directed towards a long term focus of preservation and conservation, ensuring that sustainability is an ultimate objective. The following charts detail the short, medium, and long term focus through which maintenance projects will directly reduce the overall cost basis for renovation and repair over the life of school structures. The representative building is the Reynolds Building, although this plan could be repositioned for any of the many structures on campus with minimal adjustment. In spite of the fact that the costing data is only a general estimate, it places into perspective just how overwhelming major projects can be. Therefore, following a set maintenance plan and integrating professional labour to ensure its validity will enable the university to reduce costs and adequately maintain their diverse structural offering. It should be noted that all three sections contain a complete interior and exterior survey during which any potential problems are identified long before they become emergency repairs. Such analyses should be performed by a licensed surveyor and entail differing levels of comprehensiveness according to the length of time in between reviews. This process is essential to the preventative maintenance scheme of the university, as in spite of other review, the educated perspective of the surveyor could catch concerns before they escalate into much larger challenges. The relatively low cost of this process would be escalated if problems were found; however, the overall long term savings due to a proactive methodology is substantial Short Term Costs The following chart details the short term maintenance costs which will enhance the overall operations of university buildings while at the same time ensure that major systems are checked and repaired prior to major collapse. For the purpose of this plan, short term can be considered a one to two year variable in which the repetition of action is essential to preventative techniques. Each of these segments will not individually contribute to costly renovations; however, when considered as a unit, the cost basis for rehabilitating a distressed structure would be substantial and should be avoided at all costs. Primary Systems Maintenance To begin to exploit the systems which most influence the structural security and stability of a building, a composite of form and function must be evaluated and long term costs prohibited. The key systems within the university building structures include heating and cooling systems, gutters and down pipes and fire protection tools. Aligning these systems around a schedule of regular repair will elongate the life of these instrumental participants and ensure that building stability is upheld. The consideration within this model for gutters and down pipes as essential modes of preservation is directly due to the nature of groundwater seepage and runoff. In order to ensure a long lifecycle for each structure, the water diversion systems must be intimately linked to a maintenance schedule. By cleaning on a 6 month frequency, maintenance technicians are ensuring that any foreign debris that might have filled those units, particularly during the Autumn season, is removed prior to more wet and rain-filled weather. Secondly, ensuring that heating and cooling systems operate at maximum efficiency over their lifecycle assists the university budget on many levels. First and foremost, efficiency measures reduce the overall energy costs associated with maintaining an appropriate temperature within the structure. As global concern regarding energy usage continues to overwhelm headlines and Parliamentary initiatives, complying with social and political expectations places the university at the forefront of ‘green’ supporters. Alternately, when considering the costs of unit replacement in comparison with the minor costs of unit overhaul and monitoring, the potential for unforeseen budgeting problems is very prevalent. Through preventative maintenance on these units which includes a cleaning of the ducts and system components in addition to oiling the motor and replacing belts, the university will ensure that systems operate at extreme efficiency. This maintenance should be done in accordan ce with season frequencies, including the Winter and Summer seasons during which units will be taxed to their maximum capacity. Secondary Systems Maintenance Within the scope of this maintenance schedule, there are other systems which are essential for appropriate functioning of building operations as well as those, that if not well maintained, can cause higher long term costs for the university. Lighting, weather proofing, and drainage are all within this category, and although their functions can easily be considered a primary concern to daily campus life, their long term impact on the university budget is limited in the scope of material costs and lifecycle. Lighting replacement and repair is an essential step to ensuring that daily operations are performed in an attractive and well supplied environment, encouraging patrons to continue their use of university facilities. When replacing bulbs within a regular cycle, maintenance crews are identifying any faults within the lighting system which could turn into critical electrical failure at a later date. Similarly, the replacement of bulbs enables the most efficient and environmentally friendly units to be placed into rotation at regular intervals. This expected maintenance will need to be altered according to technological advances and lifecycle. Within the whole life cost cycle of a structure, the potential for inclement weather and more importantly, the failure of structural systems to prevent penetration by this weather, can dramatically reduce the longevity and efficiency of a building. Therefore, checking the weather stripping and ensuring that all door and window seals function appropriately ensures that time sensitive erosion and wear on the structure does not occur. This maintenance also ensures that the crew evaluates a variety of key entry and exit points for rodent or insect incursions and eliminates the potential for such future problems. Finally, within the secondary modes of short term maintenance, drainage systems are an oft ignored reactive form of maintenance which, when properly maintained, can substantially contribute to structure longevity and limit the propensity for future problems. Ensuring that the proper flow of waste waters away from the building is regular and consistent eliminates the costly reactive calls to plumbing contractors after emergency situations have dictated refurbishment. Similarly, proactive evaluation of this system offers plumbers the opportunity to note any potential cracks, fissures, or weak points within the piping system and ensure that all drive mechanisms are appropriately synced for efficient operation. Short Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Gutters Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding  £270.00 Price Includes Scaffolding Down Pipes Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding Included in Gutter Cost Price Includes Scaffolding Fire Equipment System evaluation, recharge, and certification 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement Extingusihers  £180.00 Price includes system certification Heating System System evaluation, vent cleaning and tubing refurbish (As Needed) 6 Months (Prior to Winter and After Summer) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £240.00 Price includes cleaning Fire/Smoke Alarms Check batteries, test function, and replace if needed 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement alarm  £115.00 Indicates replacement Cooling System System Evaluation, recharge, system cleaning (6 Months Prior to Summer and After Winter) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £310.00 Includes Recharge Lighting Light bulb replacement, system overhaul as needed Monthly as Needed, 6 months for major systems Ladder, Replacement Bulbs, Replacement Housing  £85.00 Includes Replacement of bulbs at 6 month interval Weather proofing Reapply stripping to interior and exterior door and window seals Anuual (Prior to Winter) Weather Stripping, Sealant  £110.00 Includes replacement throughout building Windows Cleaned, debris removed, function certified 3 Months (Seasonal) Ladder, Scaffolding  £270.00 Includes Cleaning and scaffolding rental Drainage Analysis All drains inspected for free flow action and plumbing repaired as needed Annual (Prior to Summer) Snaking system, chemical unblock system  £320.00 Includes Cleaning of problem areas Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior Annual (Prior to Spring) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) Annual (After Autum) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection TOTAL ANNUAL COST  £2,260.00 Medium Term The medium term responsibilities offer an ideal time frame for replacement and refurbishment that includes more substantial, and generally, more costly repairs than those attempted in the short term. The expectation remains that any problem which arises during routine inspections must be dealt with according to the needs of the university, not the maintenance schedule or proposed budget. Through adherence to this strategy throughout the whole life costing of the structure, quality will be maintained and the overall lifecycle costs will be reduced. Primary Systems Maintenance The primary systems evaluated during the medium term are directly related to the essential operations of the structure, including those systems which can debilitate and detract from the consistent workings of the building, including the boiler, the electrical system, and the gutter system. Recognising that the replacement of these systems at the medium term interval will substantially improve cost savings over emergency repair and expensive maintenance projects is a priority for committee members. The boiler replacement is most likely one of the most expensive, but most rewarding measures to be taken at the medium term interval. Given that the average life-span of a boiler could potentially last longer than the ten year period listed here, the maintenance team must be able to recognise the characteristics of a well-functioning or suffering unit and offer advice regarding its condition during standard evaluations before and after this period. Replacement is highly recommended at the ten year mark because this essential systems component could substantially increase costs of a disaster repair in the event of its failure. Analysis of the electrical system will be included within the survey report conducted at the short-term intervals and expanded into the full spectrum 10 year evaluation in the medium term. Those systems which are deemed faulty during this period should be replaced immediately, as malfunctioning electrical systems can become an unanticipated fire hazard. Replacing the electrical system at ten year intervals ensures that the insulation efficacy is maintained and that updated wiring is installed for new technology to function properly. Finally, within the primary systems, the gutter and down pipe components become an essential mode of structural preservation, as the water transport away from the building limits the amount of erosion and decay over a lengthy period of time. At the ten year period, however, the prediction is that most of the system will have begun to demonstrate signs of wear, specifically around the hardware and jointing sections of the unit. Repair teams should undergo substantial overhaul to replace mounting brackets and pipe couplings as well as replacing any sections of the system which are cracking or developing holes due to exposure to the elements. Secondary Systems Maintenance The medium term secondary systems are represented by those that both enhance the standard operations of the structure and offer the most cost versus value refurbishment within the maintenance system. Although primary systems are deemed essential components, the high visibility of the secondary systems ensures that they are of an essential nature to the continued functioning of the structure. The building decoration, and in essence, the prescribed character of the interior structure is a maintenance project that requires substantial investment and vision. External contractors participating in the decoration revision every six years should replace drapes and visible accessories, alter furniture to match the expected period representation, and dramatically alter any additional components which add to the building aesthetics. The cost in this plan is a best case scenario cost and will have to be updated according to the broad range of needs. Aligned with redecoration, the repair and replacement of both internal and external finishes dramatically improves the user perception of the building, supporting operations and ensuring that during this activity that walls and beams are in good repair. While the costs in these sections are an estimate, paint quality must be chosen of a high enough grade to endure elements and use over the coming decade, and of a colouring that matches the prescribed decoration aesthetics of the contractors’ vision. Finally, within the medium term, updating carpet and repairing the flooring become enhancement variables which ensure both function and aesthetics are aligned throughout the building. Although the wear lifecycle of both of these systems may offer a longer term operation, by replacing these components within the medium interval sustains the overall appearance of the building as well as identifies any underfoot rot or decay which could cause substantial problems later in the building lifecycle. These costs are only estimates, and depending on the quality or installation costs, the replacement of these elements could be substantially higher. Medium Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Decoration All interior and exterior decorative features cleaned or retouched as needed, application of desired new features 6 Years Added moulding and New decoration features  £1,400.00 Includes interior design revision Interior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout interior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £2,800.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Exterior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout exterior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £3,200.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Gutters Gutters repaired or replaced as needed 10 Years Remove and Replace hardware  £1,100.00 Includes hardware replacement and repair to system Boiler Boiler system cleaned, repaired, or replaced 10 Years New Boiler System  £2,200.00 Replacement of Boiler System Heating System System Features and couplings replaced, vent system replaced 10 Years New vent system  £2,700.00 Includes labour and cost of new venting system Flooring All Flooring examined for structural soundness and replaced as needed 7 Years New Flooring  £1,700.00 Includes New Flooring Carpeting All carpeting examined for fraying and stains and replaced as needed 7 Years Replacement Carpet  £1,400.00 Includes New Carpeting Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Electrical Eval Explore electrical system and replace any frayed wiring or non-working areas 8 Years New Wiring system  £1,700.00 Includes cost of new wiring system Roofing Repatch Patch and fill areas demonstrating extensive wear or lack of structural stability 5 years Roofing shingles or covering  £400.00 Includes labour and new shingles Damp proofing Analyse all areas for wet seepage, fill and fix problem areas 7 Years Mastic replacement and filling  £700.00 Includes replacement of all mastic and fillings Drainage Clear Drains cleaned and pumped through ensuring proper rate of flow 4 years Pressurised Cleaning  £350.00 Complete system cleaning and pumping TOTAL MEDIUM TERM COSTS  £20,130.00 Long Term As the building lifecycle reaches the long term variables of the maintenance plan, substantial wear and repair throughout the passage of time will have altered many of the structural variables within the system. From this perspective, an according chart of timelines must be maintained to identify when particular items have been replaced prior to the lifecycle prediction. Overall, the long term costs will be substantially higher than either the short or medium term; however, the replacement of major systems offers an improved structural integrity and preserves the structure for many more decades of use. Primary Systems Maintenance As with the other timeline components,

B Midterm

Consumers Perspective From a consumers perspective, we are always looking for ways to present ourselves favorably to the public -? whether we do it consciously or unconsciously. Some consumers want to be perceived as the â€Å"Geeky Gadget', always on the rise to own the top notch smartness (need for uniqueness, P. 161). This is also a good example of how this consumer engages in impression management, P. 122, to positively maintain his or her public Image. The way a person seeks to pursue their ideal self may play an important role n driving this change.For example, a person who dollies Steve Job's innovative and creative character may want to become innovative by associating him/herself with Apple products (ideal self, P. 122). A different example in how an individual's perception about owning the latest or newest phone is through their extended self. For example, an interesting study conducted by Google indicated how â€Å"people are using mobile to change all aspects of their l ife† (Michael Oliver, 2013). Furthermore, most smartened users cherish their phones so much that it comes their identity (extended self, P. 28). Company's Perspective In contrast, from a company's perspective, an organization's culture can shape their approach based on their core values and beliefs. For instance, a company that emphasizes the values of innovation, learning, and creativity can influence their employees' behaviors to become innovative and creative in making new products (values, P. 174). 2. Temporary Situation on Consumer Behavior People's decisions to live frugally depend on a variety of factors including their motivation, lifestyle, and timing.Motivation Conflict One reason people may be cutting back on spending is due to motivational conflict. For example, I purchased a Samsung Galaxy SO because believe it satisfied all my needs. On the other hand, however, I had to suffer the consequences of paying an expensive fee (approach-avoidance conflict, P. 99). Since I have invested in something expensive that I believe will last me a long time, I am not willing to spend money or time looking for another smartened.Hierarchy of Needs People can also be cutting back depending on where they currently stand on the levels of their needs. Consumers who have satisfied their lower-level needs and want to fulfill their upper needs may be willing to consume more to get there. On the other hand, if consumers feel that their lower level needs haven't been met, they will remain in that level until they no longer feel dissatisfied. For example, a student who is struggling to pay rent may not be likely to spend money for a smartened to feel connected with her peers.Once she has earned enough money from her part-time job to pay off all her rent and has fulfilled her need of safety, she may move on to satisfy her need for belongingness. Lifestyle Another reason why consumers are not willing to spend is because of their lifestyle. A person's social class should be understood as it plays a huge role in influencing what type and quantity consumers buy (Boundless, n. D. ). Consumers in the upper class have a higher level of disposable income, and therefore, are willing to spend more on luxury good items than those with less disposable income. 3.Multi-attribute Model: Smartened Decisions Attribute (I) Importance (l) Beliefs (B) phone 6 as unsung Galaxy AS BlackBerry Passport Fast Processor 5 4 Large Built-in Storage High Camera Quality 3 Eng Battery Life Easy Navigation Attitude Score 65 72 69 53 The five attributes that are most important for me in terms of deciding what smartened to purchase encompasses the processor speed, large built-in storage, high quality camera, long battery life, and finally, the ease of navigation. L When assessing a phone's attributes, did some research and read over some product reviews and recommendations based on consumption communities, p. . I also took into consideration my positive and negative experiences In using a smartened. For example, the fast receptors and long battery life attributes display the highest weight of importance because value the performance of a phone in terms of its speed and ability to last a long time. Having to charge a phone two to three times a day was painfully inconvenient, and therefore developed a negative attitude towards the performance of that phone (utilitarian function, P. 187). Regarding the table above, Samsung Galaxy SO ranked the highest with an overall attitude score of 72.As I did more internal and external research on each smartened (cognition), I valued a lot of the attributes Samsung Galaxy ad offered (affect) causing me to purchase the product (high involvement hierarchy, P. 189). In addition, my attitude object towards Samsung products has developed over time, establishing a strong brand loyalty (internalizing, level of commitment, p. 293). Also hold a strong favoritism towards the Samsung brand, which enforces me to buy their products regar dless of what price it is (brand equity, P. 163). 4.Improving the image of the BlackBerry Passport to University-aged Students The lowest ranked phone under the multi-attribute model is the BlackBerry Passport with an overall attitude score of 53. But how can marketers improve the image of this phone to attract university-aged students? Capitalizing on Relevant Advantage Blackberry's Passport smartened ranked relatively high with a score of 4 on both fast processor and large built-in storage. Since the attribute built-in Storage perceives low importance, marketers can emphasize the convenience of having enough storage as if you were to bring a mini-laptop.Laptops have huge storage, and if consumers perceive that the BlackBerry phone holds a sufficiently large storage component, it can reinforce the presence of the hone. Strengthen Perceived Product-attribute Link Although BlackBerry's ease of navigation ranked low importance, marketers can alter a consumers attitude towards this att ribute so that they are appropriately educated on how to navigate the device. For example, doing tutorial videos allow for better understanding on how to use the smartened.Add a New Attribute Since many university students value the element of convenience, Blackberry can add a feature where instead of paying for a purchase through a credit or debit card, users can pay through their phone. Furthermore, BlackBerry can also capitalize on is their physical keyboard. This can be a huge factor in leveraging consumer preferences on being able to physically touch buttons. Influence Competitors' Ratings It is really crucial for marketers to consider maintaining an ongoing bond or relationship with their consumers as this is one of the factors of keeping them motivated to stay loyal.This is mostly the hardest thing to do as it is very complicated to persuade loyal consumers of a competitor to switch to BlackBerry. Keeping this in mind, BlackBerry can establish a reputation for being the most organized smartened. For example, they can advertise how they sponsor many student clubs and companies to keep teams organized and connected. 5. Changing Consumer Behavior through Instrumental Conditioning Apple can change consumer behavior towards illegal music downloads through instrumental conditioning in many ways using positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.Variable-interval Reinforcement Variable-interval reinforcement is a great way to counteract illegal downloading of music. For every music download a consumer purchases, Apple can reward them with a PIP exclusive pass to a concert of their top unload music artist. For example, if a consumer consistently downloaded One Republic's music, tunes can notify them that One Republic is having an upcoming concert in their nearby location and reward them with the exclusive PIP tickets along with a friend. This is also a good example of frequency marketing, P. 2. A Combination of Positive and Negative Reinforcement Another p ossible alternative Apple can do is use negative reinforcement as a way to reduce the behavior of downloading illegal music. Apple can create a built-in program within tunes that allows them to analyses which source the USIA came from and guilt the consumer by publicizing it on their tunes library (guilt, P. 114). In addition, they can also limit the storage of songs a consumer can input in their library based on the number Of different sources the music came from.